Adaptive Load-Balancing Algorithm with Rainbow Mechanism to Avoid Connectivity Holes in Wireless Sensor Networks

The majority of the research on protocol design for WSNs has focused on MAC and routing provision. An important class of protocols is represented by geographic or location-based routing schemes, where a relay is greedily selected based on the progression it provides toward the sink. ALBA-R is a protocol for converge casting in wireless sensor networks and features cross-layer integration of geographic routing with contention-based MAC for relay selection, load balancing (ALBA) as well as a mechanism to identify and route around connectivity holes (Rainbow). ALBA and Rainbow (ALBA-R) serve together to solve the problem of routing around a dead end without overhead-intensive techniques such as graph planarization and face routing. The protocol is localized and disseminated and adapts proficiently to unstable traffic and node deployments. Extensive NS2-based simulations is used to reveal ALBA-R considerably outperforms other converge casting protocols and solutions for dealing with connectivity holes, critical traffic conditions as well as low density networks. Our results show that ALBA-R is an energy-efficient protocol that achieves remarkable presentation in terms of packet delivery ratio and end-to-end latency in different scenarios, thus being fitting for real network deployments. Further the results show performance improvement achieved in ALBA-R protocol in terms of improved throughput, greater packet delivery ratio as well as reduced delay and energy consumption.